Roskill and Howard Davies Airport Commissions and the Third London Airport

Introduction London’s airports are operating close to capacity and there are challenges associated with the location particularly of Heathrow airport, such as noise pollution and safety of London’s populace (DOT, 2003; Helsey and Codd, 2012). Capacity expansion pursuits have been long drawn over half a century involving two airport commissions and political intrigues (FT, 2014). The Third London Airport commission popularly known as the ‘Roskill Commission’ anticipated growth in air transport and speculated that by the end of the century London might have to accommodate 100 million passengers (Abelson and Flowerdew, 1972). It was an appropriate estimate as the actual number was 115 million (CAPA, 2013). This ceiling has been surpassed and London airports are operating under strenuous volumes. The pursuit of an alternative airport, additional runways to expand capacity, among other options continue to feature in public discourse almost half a century later with myriad ar guments and counterarguments (FT, 2014; The Independent, 2014). This report explores the works of the airports commissions (Roskill and Howard Davies commissions), as well as the consideration of the controversial Boris Island alternative. It focuses on the demand and supply of airports among other considerations significant for such ventures as the development of new airports or aviation facilities. History of commissions and development of arguments A 1964 interdepartmental committee on the Third London Airport forecast that the capacity of Heathrow and Gatwick airports combined, even with the addition of a second runway at Gatwick, would be insufficient for London’s air traffic by 1972 (Mishan, 1970). After the consideration of options, the commission on the Third London Airport (Roskill Commission) was set up in 1968. With their evaluation of the timing of need, expansion capacity requirement, and after a careful study of a total of 80 proposed project sites, the commission finally chose four sites, among them a new airport at Cublington (Abelson and Flowerdew, 1972). It was the first time that a full range of environmental and economic arguments were brought to bear on a major investment decision, providing substantial and significant systemic evidence on which to base decisions (HC, 1971). Its excellence in approach and output was however to not much good as government, with a variant perception and opinion immediatel y rejected its findings choosing instead a scheme to build an airport at Foulness, in the Thames Estuary (Mishan, 1970). Interestingly, this option had been considered and had been decisively rejected by the Roskill Commission on the basis of cost, distance and convenience to prospective passengers (FT, 2014). Neither of the two propositions (Cublington and Foulness) was built and a subsequent change in government and complexion led to the devise of a different scheme – a limited expansion of an existing airport at Stansted which was accomplished a decade after proposition. This option had also been considered by the Roskill Commission and never made its shortlist of key options (Helsey and Codd, 2012). It was a predictable failure and is still challenged by the lack of success in supporting long-haul operations by airlines, only benefitting from low-cost carriers (principally Ryan air) drawn by attractive landing charges which offset consequent inconvenience to their passeng ers (AOA, 2013). A proposal which has re-emerged and gained prominence is the new airport at the Thames Estuary. The ‘Boris Island’ alternative Dubbed ‘Boris Island’ as a consequence of its support by London Mayor Boris Johnson, the London Britannia Airport (a name adopted for the latest iteration of the idea in 2013) is a proposed airport to be built on an artificial island in the River Thames estuary to serve London. Plans for this airport go several years back but the idea was revived by the Mayor in 2008 (CAPA, 2013; Mayor of London, 2013). Proponents of the project cite the significant advantage it portends in the avoidance of flights over densely populated areas with consideration of noise pollution and attendant safety challenges. However, its critics who include some local councils, nature conservation charity – RSPB, as well as current London airports, oppose the scheme, suggesting that it is impractical and expensive (AC, 2013b). It is still under consideration of the Howard Davies Airports Commission, which estimates the entire undertaking including feeder roads and rail to cost ?112 billion, a bout five times the presently shortlisted short-term options (AC, 2013c). The overall balance of economic impacts of the project would be uncertain given the requirement for the closure of Heathrow and by extension London city for airspace reasons (CAPA, 2013). Renewed pursuit – Howard Davies Airports Commission In spite of the myriad arguments and criticisms of the various alternatives, not much has changed and the Howard Davies Airports Commission set up in 2012 still wades in the long running controversy (CAPA, 2013; AOA, 2013). There has evidently been little learnt in the several decades of bad policy making given the hedging, stonewalling, and political posturing that still characterizes the endeavour, a readiness to oppose policies espoused by those of different complexions or the persistent complication of issues when there is requirement for bold action. This characterizes policy today as it did half a century earlier with elaborate models being grossly misused and deliberately disregarded. Minor challenges and disadvantages are greatly amplified overshadowing potentially more substantial benefits (FT, 2014). The Airports Commission was set up to examine the need for additional UK airport capacity and to recommend to government how this can be met in the short, medium and long term. The commission is tasked with creating economic, sustainable and socially responsible growth through competitive airlines and airports. (AC, 2013a). The findings of the Howard Davies Airports Commission contained in their interim report released in December 2013 (preceding a final report expected in 2015) are mainly focused on the continued growth of air travel, mainly in the South East of England. The Commission considers that the region needs an extra runway by 2030, and another possibly by 2050. On the shortlist for the expansion of airport capacity are three options comprising a third runway at Heathrow 3,500m long; lengthening of the existing northern runway to at least 6,000m enabling it to be used for both landing and take-off; as well as a new 3,000m runway at Gatwick (CAPA, 2013; AOA, 2013). Not included is the brand new hub airport in the Thames Estuary, which is side-lined citing uncertainties and challenges surrounding the proposal at this stage (AC, 2013d). However, th e Commission promises an evaluation of its feasibility and a decision on its viability later in 2004 (The Independent, 2014). The Stansted and Birmingham options, however, failed to make the shortlist, although the decision remains open for their qualification in the long term (CAPA, 2013). In the Commission’s view, the capacity challenge is yet to become critical although there is potential if no action is taken soon. However, capacity challenges and the jostling and vying for a slice of anticipated extra capacity by airports signals need (AC, 2013d). Arguments on the expansion of airport capacity The Howard Davies Commission acknowledge the ‘over-optimism’ in recent forecasts of growth in demand for the aviation sector, but consider the level of growing demand as prominent requiring focus on the earliest practicable relief (AC, 2013c). This is in response to contentions by opponents that the current capacity is adequate basing their primary argument on earlier inaccurate demand forecasts. These opponents posit operational changes including quieter and bigger planes could serve to accommodate more passengers negating the need for ambitious and expensive ventures. Some also argue that constraining growth in the aviation industry would be the best option for emissions reduction and that government should utilise available capacity, pushing traffic from London’s crowded airports to others around the country, (AC, 2013b; c; d; AOA, 2013 DOT, 2013). The Commission accepts the changes in aviation practice and aircraft design could deliver modest improvements in c apacity but argue that none of these submissions suggested significant transformational gains (AC, 2013c). It also stresses that deliberations were alive to the issue of climate change and were focused on the delivery of the best solution for the UK, which entails the achievement of carbon targets and delivery of required connections for the economy and society(AC, 2013c; d). The Commission notes that doing nothing to address capacity constraints could have unintended economic and environmental consequences with the possibility of some flights and emissions being displaced to other countries (AC, 2013d; CAPA, 2013; Mayor of London, 2013). Reliance on runways currently in operation would likely produce a clearly less ideal solution for passengers, global and regional connectivity, and would be sub-optimal in the endeavour to minimize the overall carbon impact of aviation (AC, 2013a; AOA, 2013). To achieve statutory mechanisms aimed at operational efficiency and emission reduction are critical. Conservationists, such as the Friends of Earth, decry growth arguing that the building of more airports and runways will have a major impact on local communities and the environment (Mayor of London, 2013; AC, 2013b). The argument for sustainable growth is welcomed by industry players in light of calls for constraint (AOA, 2013; The Independent, 2014). Through time, the argument has significantly centred on the timing of need for expansion of capacity with the uncertainty over growth and demand estimates. The drive for more intensive use of existing capacity is most appropriate in the short-term given that operational and aircraft design improvements have enabled the handling of more volumes than anticipated. Though limited, there is still capacity for improvement benefitting environmental conformity and overall efficiency. Several tactical improvements are proposed by the Davies commission to enable full and efficient use of available resource and capacity (DOT, 2013; AC , 2013d). The Davies Commission proposes the encouragement of greater adherence to schedules by airlines through stricter enforcement of aircraft arrival time. This would enhance efficient sequencing of arrivals ending the practice of ‘stacking’ especially at Heathrow (Europe’s busiest airport), which is expensive in fuel costs and time and has adverse environmental impact. They also propose ‘smoothing’ of timetables and the tackling of surges in traffic and bottlenecks, such as restrictions of arrivals before 6am and the designation procedures of runways which impede efficiency (AC, 2013d). Also considered are ‘mixed-mode’ operations which entail simultaneous use of runways for take-offs and landings. Through this mode, Heathrow expects to gain 15% in airport capacity without extra building (AOA, 2013). The Airports Commission rules out proposed mixed-mode operations suggesting its use when arrival delays arise and eventually to allow e nvisaged gradual traffic build up and increase in operations towards the opening of additional runways rather than a flood-gate of activity. In their consideration of noise pollution and impact on residents, the Commission recommends ending of simultaneous landings at both runways with an exception of times of disruption (AC, 2013d). Presently, Heathrow designates different runways for landings and departure which are switched daily at 3 pm to allow for respite for communities near the airport (AOA, 2013; FT, 2014). The Howard Davies Commission suggests that there might not be need for one huge hub airport as growth in recent years has come from low-cost carriers (AC, 2013a). This view makes the case for expansion of Gatwick Airport. In anticipation of confirmation of expansion priorities and solutions, airport bosses are at loggerheads with Gatwick bosses suggesting that it would not make business sense for their second runway if Heathrow is also given a green light for simultaneou s expansion (AOA, 2013). This is in consideration of an extension of time to achieve return on investment from the expected 15-20 years to 30-40 years. Gatwick’s case is compelling given that it is cheaper, quicker, has significantly lower environmental impact and is the most deliverable solution in the short term (CAPA, 2013). Heathrow rejects this argument insisting there is a clear business case for a third runway regardless of development at Gatwick. With the airport operating at 98% of its capacity, they highlight potential for parallel growth delivering choice for passengers (AOA, 2013). Mayor Johnson is, however, opposed to Heathrow’s expansion citing the misery inflicted on a million people or more living in west London. He notes that there has been significantly more concern for the needs of passengers superseding the concerns of those on the ground. Johnson proposes focus on the new hub airport (Boris Island) to relieve impact on residents as well as to enhan ce UK’s competitiveness (Mayor of London, 2013). Supporters of Heathrow’s expansion say it will be quicker and will help to maintain the UK as an international aviation hub increasing global connections. Paris, Amsterdam and Frankfurt are closely competing for this business (DOT, 2013). Conclusion The examination of need for additional airport capacity and recommendation of solutions for the short, medium and long term, has taken the UK half a century and two commissions and still there is no confirmed venture despite the raft of proposals. The earlier Roskill Commission reached conclusions on four promising sites-including a new ‘Boris Island’ airport, which are still under consideration in the later commission the Howard Davies Airports Commission. Considering several arguments with regard to their mandate, the latter commission has proposed additional runways one at Gatwick and possibly two at Heathrow despite potential adverse effects to London residents. They are still to deliver a verdict on the new Thames Estuary project, promising a decision later in 2014 after evaluation. References Abelson, P. and A., Flowerdew, 1972. Roskill’s successful recommendation.† In: Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Vol. 135. No. 4, pp.467 Airports Committee, 2013a. Emerging thinking: Aviation Capacity in the UK. 7th October. Viewed from: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/aviation-capacity-in-the-uk-emerging-thinking Airports Commission, 2013b. Stakeholder responses to Airports Commission discussion papers. 25th October. Viewed from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/stakeholder-responses-to-airports-commission-discussion-papers Airports Commission, 2013c. Airports Commission discussion papers. 29th July. Viewed from: https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/airports-commission-discussion-papers–2 Airports Commission, 2013d. Short and medium term options: proposals for making the best use of existing airport capacity. 7th August. Viewed from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/short-and-medium-term-options-proposals-for-making-the-best-use-of-existing-airport-capacity CAPA, 2013. The Davies Commission’s Interim Report on UK airports: the big loser remains UK competitiveness. Centre for Aviation. Department of Transport, 2003. The Future of Air Transport – White Paper and the Civil Aviation Bill. [online] viewed on 14/1/2014 from: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.dft.gov.uk/about/strategy/whitepapers Financial Times, 2014. London’s new airport held to ransom by folly. December, 2013 Helsey, M., and F., Codd, 2012. Aviation: proposals for an airport in the Thames estuary, 1945-2012. House of Commons Library. Viewed from: http://cambridgemba.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/sn4920-1946-2012-review.pdf House of Commons Hansard, 1971. Thhird London Airport (Roskill Commission Report). 4th March. Vol. 812. cc1912-2078. HC Mayor of London, 2013. Why London needs a new hub airport. Transport for London. Viewed from: http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/26576.aspx Mishan, E., 1970. What is wrong with RoskillLondon: London School of Economics Airports Operators Association, 2013. The Airport Operator, Autumn 2013. The Independent, 2014. Sir Howard Davies’ Airports Commission: Air travel could be transformed within a few years – with no more ‘stacking’. 17th December, 2013

Favorite Food

My favorite food is chicken fettuccini pasta. I prefer this dish because of the great taste. It consists of a magnificent sauce, tender chicken, and mixed vegetables. This blend of ingredients contributes the flavor, texture, and appearances of the pasta. Just because the sauce isn’t an attractive color, which is an dull white with drops of grey from mushrooms and specks of green from the broccoli . The creamy fettuccini sauce itself is so tantalizing it’s truly what I call the cream of the crop. Added to the sauce is a mixture of mozzarella, ricotta, and provolone cheese along with sauteed mushrooms and sun dried tomatoes. As I twirl the fork of noodles against the spoon, the expectation of silky smooth noodles gliding down my throat salivates the glands on my tongue. While eating such a well desired meal it’s easy to forget my manners, I may slurp the noodles so fast that the sauce may end up on my face. I do use napkins but remember I’m lost into my dream world. The chicken is a substantial filling for pasta. My philosophy is no meal is complete without a thick savory meat. There are many ways to cook chicken to add into fettuccini pasta. My favorite is Cajun deep fried chicken breast that’s tender and juicy, cut into thin strips. It has a crunchy golden brown spicy flavored batter. I prefer my chicken cooked to be crispy on the outside, yet not too dry so that the inner part will be stringy in the inside (kind of like pulled meat) therefore; it’s like pulling layers away from the inside of the chicken breast. A whiff of the welled seasoned chicken is finger licking good! It’s then sprinkled with grated parmesan cheese and fresh parsley, while covered in steamy sauce it’s so invigorating. Vegetables help completes pasta with its healthy nutritious. It includes steamed broccoli, sundried tomatoes, mushrooms, with a hint of garlic; it is a tasty way to live healthy. Broccoli accents the color scheme throughout the meal, rather its laying near a noodle itself or in between a gap in my teeth. The green small crunchy tree- like shaped vegetable doesn’t make me feel guilty about my favorite meal because every bite is filled with specks of broccoli so the health factor is definitely included. I know I’m getting my proper amount of vegetables. The succulent tan chewy mushrooms provides an excellent source of potassium, also an interesting fact (mushrooms helps with migraine headaches. ) The sundried tomatoes are sparingly sprinkled throughout the dish because the flavor is quite intense, concentrated and slightly salty so a little goes along way. Many vegetables give pasta the picture perfect look. When eating this incredible tasting pasta I understand what it takes to make food so inviting. It has many different yet, incredible savory sauces and different ways of being crafted it can easily be adapted in diverse culture which makes pasta that more interesting. The pasta dish has come a long way from its original creation in the 18th century with its ingredients that consisted of only egg , flour, cheese, and cream; however, it has evolved into a food of art that has my taste buds more in-tact. Its roman herbs and spices give me a feeling of warmth and cheerfulness at the time of eating. Food of this stature should be a crime given my opinion because of the texture and taste only keeps me coming back for more. This pasta comes second to none; it’s my choice over all when it comes to my favorite supper. Favorite Food That's My Boy (2012 film) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the 2012 film. For other uses, see That's My Boy. |[pic] |This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and | | |making it more concise. (January 2013) | That's My Boy | |[pic] | |Theatrical release poster | |Directed by |Sean Anders | |Produced by |Adam Sandler | | |Allen Covert | | |Jack Giarraputo | | |Heather Parry | |Written by |David Caspe | |Starring |Adam Sandler | | |Andy Samberg | | |Leighton Meester | | |Susan Sarandon | | |Ciara | | |Luenell | | |Vanilla Ice | |Music by |Rupert Gregson-Williams | |Cinematography |Brandon Trost | |Editing by |Tom Costain | |Studio |Happy Madison Productions | | |Relativity Media | |Distributed by |Columbia Pictures | |Release date(s) |June  15,  2012 | |Running time |114 minutes[1] | |Country |United States | |Language |English | |Budget |$70 million[2][3] | |Box office |$57,719,093[3] |That's My Boy[4] is a 2012 American comedy film starring Adam Sandler and Andy Samberg. The script was written by David Caspe and directed by Sean Anders. The film was produced under Sandler's production company Happy Madison, and shot in Massachusetts, around Boston, Everett, Peabody, Lynn, Brockton, Stoughton and Cape Cod. [5] The film was released on June 15, 2012,[6][7] and distributed by Columbia Pictures. The film received very negative reviews from critics and is nominated for eight Golden Raspberry Awards, ultimately winning in the categories of Worst Actor and Worst Screenplay. The film has been subject of controversy and criticism due to its comedic portrayal of pedophilia, incest and statutory rape. 8] It is the sixth Sandler film to be rated R by the Motion Picture Association of America. That's My Boy was a box office failure, grossing $57. 7 million worldwide, thus failing to reimburse its $70 million budget. | | Plot In 19 84, 13-year-old Donny Berger begins a sexual relationship with his teacher Mary McGarricle. When the two are discovered having sexual intercourse on a piano during an assembly, she is sentenced to a lengthy prison term where it is revealed she is pregnant; Donny is left to raise their son, who he names Han Solo Berger. By 2012, Donny (Adam Sandler) is an alcoholic slacker, who spends his time with his friends, bartender Brie (Ciara) and stripper Champale (Luenell).Donny is estranged from his son, who, embarrassed by Donny's immaturity, has changed his name to Todd Peterson and managed to become a successful businessman. He has recently arrived at the Cape Cod house of his boss, where he is to be married to Jamie (Leighton Meester). Donny learns from his lawyer, Jim Nance, that he owes $43,000 to the IRS in back-taxes and will be imprisoned for three years if he doesn't repay the money by the end of the weekend. He visits TV producer Randall Morgan, who had produced shows for Donny d uring his brief period of celebrity, and Morgan offers him $50,000 if he can organize a reunion with Han and Mary McGarricle at the women's prison. Donny arrives at Cape Cod to try to convince Todd to participate.Because he had previously told people that his parents had died, Todd introduces Donny as an old friend; Donny elaborates with a heroic backstory and, despite his extremely crude behavior, quickly becomes well-liked by the other guests, at the expense of Todd's popularity. Donny tries to convince Todd to come to the women's prison to see his mother, without revealing that it is for a tv show, but Todd refuses. Todd fights constantly with Donny about his father's immaturity, both now and during his childhood. Donny admitted he was wrong for his actions and should've stopped him, but he didn't know how to be a father. Donny joins Todd and his friends at Todd's bachelor party, a relaxing day at a spa. However, Donny offends the employees and guests and eventually convinces the wedding party to attend a strip club where Todd bonds with Brie. The group gets drunk and high and commits various acts of debauchery.Over the course of the evening, Todd bonds with his father and agrees to meet Mary McGarrigle at the prison. Donny, knowing that a tv crew will be waiting, tries to stop the meeting from happening, but Todd goes to the prison anyway. Todd, Donny, and Mary are ambushed by the film crew and a disgusted Todd leaves without signing a release form, leaving Donny without any money. Donny overhears Jamie on the phone saying that she has been having sex with Todd's boss. He tries to warn Todd, but Jamie comes up with a convincing cover story. Later, Donny discovers Jamie having sex with her brother. She pays Donny the money he needs in order to keep him quiet. After receiving a conciliatory present from Todd, Donny decides that he has to stop the wedding.At the ceremony he reveals himself to be Todd's father and rips up Jamie's check, and forces her to admit her infidelity to Todd. A disgusted Todd breaks up with Jamie and quits his job, acknowledging Donny as his father and even taking back his birth name of Han Solo Berger. The following day at the strip club, Han reveals that he is dating Brie. He offers Donny the money to help pay for the unpaid taxes, but he refuses stating that it's time for him to grow up and accept responsibility. Donny is preparing to go to prison when a bet he placed wins him enough money to satisfy the IRS. The film ends with Donny and Todd celebrating with the rest of their friends. †¢ ProductionThe film was originally titled I Hate You, Dad, and then changed to Donny's Boy before the producers finally settled on That's My Boy. [9][4] Promotion A red-band trailer was released on March 1, 2012. [7] A green-band trailer was later released on March 5, 2012. On June 1, 2012, the whole cast sat down with MTV on the City Walk stage to discuss the film, their individual upcoming projects and also participated in a Q&A with the audience. The film was also promoted through the 2012 MTV Movie Awards, where Adam Sandler, Andy Samberg, and Leighton Meester were presenters for Best Kiss. A spoof trailer was posted by Samberg on The Lonely Island's YouTube account on June 1, 2012. [10] Reception Box-officeThe film opened on June 15, 2012 with $4. 6 million and was expected to earn $13 million for its whole weekend debut which would be Sandler's worst opening weekend since Reign Over Me in 2007,[11] which had a significantly lower budget. The film grossed $13,453,714 in its opening weekend, ranking #4 behind the second weekends of Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted and Prometheus, and the opening of Rock of Ages. [12] As of November 24, 2012, the film has grossed $36,931,089 domestically and $57,719,093 worldwide and failing to recoup its $70 million budget making it a box office flop. [3] Critical reception Reviews for That's My Boy were very negative.Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a â€Å"ro tten† score of 21% based on reviews from 109 critics, with an average rating of 3. 4/10. The consensus states, â€Å"While it does represent a new foray into raunch for the normally PG-13 Sandler, That's My Boy finds him repeating himself to diminishing effect – and dragging Andy Samberg down with him. â€Å"[13] Metacritic gives it a weighted average score of 31% based on 27 reviews, indicating â€Å"generally unfavorable reviews†. [14][15] Online review show Half in the Bag called the film â€Å"pathetic†, it went on to criticize Sandler as a comic, including his inability to create real humor that isn't based on childish jokes. 16] Bob Fishbach from the Omaha World Herald gave the film one out of four stars, saying it was â€Å"worse than Sandler's previous stinker, Jack and Jill†. [citation needed] Richard Roeper gave the film an â€Å"F† rating, calling it â€Å"an ugly, tasteless, deadly and mean-spirited piece of filmmaking,† while Alonso Duralde gave the film a scathing review, calling it â€Å"vulgar, trite, sexist, misogynist, hacky, tacky, gross, sentimental and stupid, with occasional flourishes of racism and veiled homophobia thrown in to boot. â€Å"[17] The film has been criticized for its comedic portrayal of statutory rape, pedophilia, and incest. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]

The Elephant Man, Bernard Pomerance write a a comparison of two Research Paper

The Elephant Man, Bernard Pomerance write a a comparison of two characters in the play - Research Paper Example Merrick wanted to be normal as well. However, Merrick learns that modern medicine could not help Merrick. Thus on his return to London, Merrick is put into a hospital. By not curing Merrick, Dr. Treves realizes that perfection might not be what he had previously defined. Merrick wants to be normal, since he is considered a freak by the world. After finding out that he was not ever going to be normal, Merrick takes solace in the church and female friends. Although he wants a mistress, even his female friend must refuse. His disappointments in life are always challenged with graceful wit. As a result, Merrick finds that he has every normal human emotion available. Dr. Treves and Joseph Merrick do not reach their goals, but learn to live with the life given them. Merrick figures this out sooner than Dr. Treves. The doctor does not realize how much he is like Merrick until Merrick’s death. While Merrick had hours and hours to meditate on his life, Dr. Treves did not start thinking about his life until Merrick dies. Only then does Dr. Treves realize that he was just as crippled as Merrick. The only difference was Merrick had a physical deformity, whereas Dr. Treves had a mental deformity. Dr. Treves leaves the play with a better understanding of life through

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United States of America vs Ike Brown Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

United States of America vs Ike Brown - Essay Example This essay will summarize the complaints and evidence of that the Government presented against Ike Brown, his defense, as well as comment on the strangeness of this situation, that is, of the government using the voting rights act to prosecute a black man for the violation of white voter’s and candidates rights. The fundamental complaint against Ike Brown by the United States government is that he abused his position as chair of the Democratic Committee in his county to unfairly stop white voters from participating in the primary elections when they had the right to, and unfairly persecuted white candidates who were running in those elections. Some of the governments allegations simply attempted to demonstrate that Brown had a strong bias towards white candidates – this includes statements by Brown criticizing black voters who chose to vote for white candidates, and other acts of outspoken intimidation such as naming a list of white democrats who he discouraged to vote in the election. They also accused him and the committee he chaired of many procedural violations such as mis-handling the counting of absentee ballots, and allowing campaigning within and around polling stations. They also demonstrated that the elections committee violated state policy by only having about six percent of the polling officers for the Democratic primary be white, even though twenty percent of the Democratic population was white, though with a sample size as small as polling officers and a country of only about 11,000 people, it is hardly surprising this disparity could exist. A great deal of the government’s evidence thus simply tried to show that Brown had a preference for black voters, polling officers and elections officials. But the bulk of their evidence rests on absentee balloting laws, and the Government’s assertion that Brown abused absentee balloting procedure in order to both favor black candidates and prevent white voters from participating in the electoral pr ocess, as well as manipulating assisted balloting procedures to favor black candidates. Mississippi state election law has two features that are meant to make elections more accessible: absentee balloting and assisted balloting. Both have strict controls. Absentee balloting is for people who, for some reason, are not able to be present, for instance if they are in school out of state or deployed with the armed forces, but there are strict controls on what excuses allow a person to use an absentee ballot. Assisted balloting is when someone else assists the voter in filling out their ballot, which is only allowed to be done in the case of blindness, physical disability that prevents someone from being able to vote, or demonstrable illiteracy, and who have requested assistance in filling out their ballot. The US Government provided evidence that Brown violated these procedures. The Government contends that Brown accepted and actually even pursued absentee ballots from black voters who were currently living within the county and had no reason whatsoever to vote via an absentee ballot. Furthermore, they presented witness testimony that these ballots were filled by people other than the voters (assisted balloting) despite the fact that the voter was in no way disabled or illiterate and had not requested assistance in filling out their ballot. The government contended that Brown and his associates essentially filled in absentee ballots for black people who were unlikely to vote, brought the ballot in favor of a black candidate for them to authorize, and then sent it away. In some cases they

Facebook Analysis To Confirm Its Competitiveness In A Defined Market Essay

Facebook Analysis To Confirm Its Competitiveness In A Defined Market - Essay Example The idea was to create a website though which people in the university could stay connected with each and share ideas. Within months of its initiation the core idea spread beyond the boundary rooms of Harvard and was highly appreciated and accepted by all. Very soon it got extended to Yale and Stanford and was endorsed widely in these places. The initiative was accompanied and followed by two more students at Harvard, Chris Hughes and Dustin Moskovitz who helped the founder to grow and take the concept to the next level. Within a matter of few months, it became a national student network. In 2005, it was officially given the name of Facebook. The domain was called facebook.com was purchased at a rate of $200,000. Facebook was then opened in 2006 and could be accessed by everyone above 13 years of age having a valid e-mail identity. In 2008, it was announced that Facebook would set up international headquarters in Dublin, Ireland. In 2010, the company began to invite users to go throu gh a beta test or selection process based on questions and answers. A number of engineering puzzles were given to them where these users were required to solve computational problems. This gave them opportunities to get hired in Facebook. It had emerged as the greatest only photo host by 2011 and had millions of users accessing the same from mobile phones, which accounted for 33% of the entire traffic in Facebook. (Carlson, â€Å"At Last -- The Full Story Of How Facebook Was Founded†). Biography of the Founder Originally known as the Facebook, the site was founded by Mark Zuckerberg, a former student at Harvard University. After completing second year at the university, he left it to concentrate on the website he had created and which had a use based of more than 250 million people. Born in May 14, 1984, in New York, Zuckerberg had grown in a well educated and comfortable family. Zuckerberg’s interest in computers and technology showed very early in his childhood. He h ad created messaging program using Atari Basic, at the age of 12 which he named as Zucknet. His father use to use this program for running operations at his dental office. The receptionist at office could use this program to convey the message of a new patient arrival without screaming across the room. This program was also used within the family to communicate in the house. He took interest in computer games with his friends just for fun (Chittaranjan Wordpress, â€Å"Early life†). In order to entertain and encourage his interest in computers, Mark’s parents arranged for a private computer tutor at home, who had later on declared to reporters that he found to difficult to stay ahead of a prodigy who was interested more in the graduate courses at the nearby college. Beside computers, Lark also showed immense talent in fencing and soon became captain of his school team. One of his other interests was literature, in which he earned a diploma in classics. However, his fas cination

The impact of business environment on hospitality industry of Westin Assignment

The impact of business environment on hospitality industry of Westin Grand Hotel situated in Munich of Germany - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that hospitality industry is a very significant constituent of the service sector and is a vital element for a country’s national economy. The hospitality industry is frequently defined as an unseen export because it does not usually include tangible delivery of goods, rather than movement of people. Tourists come into hotels from numerous places of world in order to obtain service and experience generosity. Hospitality industry is categorised by place bound industry, where the individuals and the visitors obtain goods and services in the same place. Therefore, hospitality industry confronts with numerous challenges in the business environment. Factors such as flexible income, vacation time and travel enthusiasm of people among others can determine the success and development of hospitality industry. Tourists travel for several purposes. The travel drives of tourist impact the approach of travelling and selecting the destinations. Pleasure travellers sea rch for cultural and entertaining enjoyment, while business travellers conduct business or join in international conferences in foreign countries through travel. There are several business environmental factors which can impact on the travellers’ decision to fly in a certain country, thus can impact on the hospitality industry’s profitability and performance. The recent financial crisis had impacted on global hospitality industry. In the year 2011, as the demand for travel increased, the hospitality industry had restored. ... It is expected that the business environment will develop in upcoming years. Luxury and full service hotels are recovering rapidly because of reappearance of business tourists, mostly in urban markets (Ernst & Young, 2011). Travel is one of the significant habits of people’s life in Germany. For tourists, Germany is considered as a place with one of the most developed infrastructures in terms of hospitality business, and it has good cultural resources along with environmental stability. Therefore, the hospitality system in Germany provides supreme travelling experience for national as well as international guests. In present days, the customers seek for convenience while selecting any hotel, such as environment, hotel background and service style among others. Customers, make their decisions about choosing hotels on the basis of affordability, dependability, impressiveness and specialty. As a consequence, hotels competing on low-cost, brand name, enterprise and exceptional ser vices can succeed in the hospitality industry of Germany. In the year 2008, the hospitality industry generated revenue of almost 55.5 billion Euros. In comparison with other countries the average rate of hotels in Germany was much competitive (Germen Business Portal, 2008). The recent economic crisis had affected the hotel industry in Germany. In the year 2009, total number of overnight spending had reduced by 0.1% to 0.2%. In comparison with industrial hospitality performance at that period of time, the performance of German hotels was much better. Due to economic recession in the year 2009, the cost of hotels in Germany had also decreased, but in 2010, the room rates had raised by 2%. With respect to hotel room rate, Germany ranked as 14 among top 22 significant tourism